The course analyzes the formation, articulation, and practice of U.S. foreign policy from World War II to the present. It focuses on the hegemonial position of the United States in the international system, its political values, culture, domestic politics, propaganda, and military power. It also explores representations of the “American Empire” during and after the Cold War and its reception abroad through an analysis of the transmission of American ideologies, unilateralist practices, liberalism, mass culture and consumption patterns, and race and gender images. The history of U.S. foreign policy from the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt to that of Donald Trump will be approached by examining how individual presidents shaped America’s global role.  U.S. actions abroad will be analyzed within broader ideological and structural contexts—including the Cold War, capitalism and anti-communism, democracy promotion, imperialism, human rights, international law, and global economic institutions. Special attention will be given to how race, gender, and domestic politics intersect with foreign policy, as well as the evolving role of international organizations and legal norms in shaping American engagement with the world. Attention will be paid to geopolitical and regional approaches, with emphasis on U.S.-European relations, Asia and Africa, and individual states, such as the Soviet Union/Russia, Britain, Germany, France, Vietnam, China, and South Africa during and after the Cold War. Emphasis will also be put on military interventions, including the Korean War, the Vietnam Wars, the wars in the former Yugoslavia, “the war on terror,” and the wars in Afghanistan, Libya, Iraq, Syria, and Ukraine  Finally, ideas about the decline of the “American Empire” will be explored and put within the context of the rise of China. In addition, recent U.S. attempts to challenge the liberal international order it created after World War II and to question the sovereign rights or aspirations (Canada and Greenland) will be analyzed. Various theoretical approaches in History, International Relations, and Cultural Studies, will be used to examine the topic.

The course is intended to be, first of all, a very practical overview of the main categories of public sources that are preserved in archives and are accessible in electronic form. All categories have their advantages and disadvantages. The sources were created within some kind of administration and their aim was to gather information about the "population" that is under, preserve it and use the information to strengthen the administration and "create" the facts it needed. to hold to maintain itself. Secondly, the course is an introduction to the development that has taken place in the methodology of solitude in new Icelandic research in history. This is a new perspective on what has been called the unification of history. Thirdly, the course will be an introduction to how the emotions of individuals in the past can be analyzed through public sources and how the ideology of the history of emotions can be used in those analyzes and a new integration of theories about poverty and disability in the past with special emphasis on gender perspectives.

Einstaklingsverkefni A

Individual Course

Preservation of private archives and how they are used as sources of past history. The role of archival institutions in the preservation and collection of private archives will be examined, and how and where private archives are preserved in Iceland. Access to private archives will be examined. Work in the course requires active participation. Lectures will be held and in addition students are expected to complete assignments in group work and independently. Visits are expected to depositories that preserve private archives.

This course covers the role of public archives and archiving and record management in the past and present. The importance of the principle of provenance for archives and history. A summary of the history of administration. The activities and legal environment of public archives in Iceland will be discussed and their role in records management in public administration. What organizations are obliged to transfer their records to public archives. The evolution of archiving and records management in the 20th and 21st centuries will be examined. Methods of records managements, old and new. The sorting and cataloguing of archives.

Historical and historiographical survey of major topics in the history of the medieval North, with special emphasis on Iceland and Norway from the Viking Age into the fourteenth century. Topics include: Power, kingship and state; law and feud; kinship, gender and social ties; religious and mental outlook(s); conversion, Christianity and church; economic conditions. Prior knowledge of the “factual” narrative (textbook narrative) is helpful but not necessary.

The aim of the course is to provide students with a more comprehensive and deeper insight into the different theoretical approaches within the humanities. In the course, the main theories that have influenced theoretical discussion in the humanities over the last decades will be presented and discussed, and the students are taught how to apply them in their own research.

The course is run in cooperation with the state radio station: RÚV - Rás 1. Discussion will take place into the presentation of radio/audio material, various examples being examined. Attention will be given to the nature of audio communication and the possibilities of audio communication in the present media environment. Attention is also paid to concept development, interview techniques, recording techniques, dramaturgy and editing, accentuating sustainability and self-reliance. All students will complete a final project involving the making of radio programmes.

This class surveys the history, society and archaeology of Viking Age Iceland. We will read parts of medieval Icelandic sagas, the Eddas and Skaldic poetry, and modern historical, anthropological and literary studies will be discussed. We will explore the ways in which Icelandic society evolved throughout the Viking Age (ca. 790–1100 AD) in its interrelation with different cultural spheres, and dive into aspects of everyday life, politics, belief systems, ship building and traveling.

A regular focus of this class will be on saga literature (Fornaldarsögur, Íslendingasögur, Konungasögur), as this literature is our main source for interpreting archaeological findings, on the one hand, for exploring later medieval ideas of the Viking Age, on the other hand. With that said, the source value of written artifacts for Viking Age Iceland will be discussed, and this even includes a closer look at modern popular and academic reception, where different sources are regularly mingled without any distinct source criticism. Last but not least, we will discuss the so-called Vikings and their so-called age in the light of recent populist movements, and scholarly reactions to it.

In the courses Communication channels I and Communication channels II, the basics of methods for the dissemination of cultural material in the humanities and social sciences are presented. Communication channels I is in the fall semester, while Communication channels II is in the spring semester. 

In Communication channels I, the students are working with a) text and images in the first half of the semester and b) short documentaries in the second half of the course. Each subject weighs 50% in the course. Concerning a) Students will receive training in article writing and discourse analysis on the one hand and use of images and image analysis on the other.  Concerning b) Students work on making short documentaries. It includes basic training in screenwriting, shooting and editing, and students work in groups on a documentary, according to a specific theme. 

There are no exams in the course. Instead, students work on projects, individual and group projects. They are the following:

1. Analysis of texts and images
2. An article with an image on a specific theme for publication, about 800 words.
3. A group project where students work on a short documentary that is shown at the end of the course. Emphasis is placed on common themes and group work in the course. The course is not taught remotely.

The reading material be based on on essential theoretical works as well as recent research. The history of the field will be critically examined in light of trends at the beginning of the 21^st century. 

Work format

Teaching will take the form of lectures and discussions.

The course explores the relationship between political and aesthetic discourse in Iceland during the era of the cultural Cold War, a global ideological struggle waged by the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, for the hearts and minds of populations around the world in the latter half of the 20th century. The course draws on interdisciplinary research on the Cold War, with a focus on the interplay between global influences and local conditions. This glocal approach allows for an examination of Icelandic agents in the Cold War not only as representatives of the two empires, the United States and the Soviet Union, but also based on their own cultural values and interests. A mixed methodology will be employed, incorporating theories and methods from the social sciences, as well as from art history, literary studies, and historiography. Special emphasis will be placed on the analysis of literary texts and artworks, while attention will also be given to the participation of Icelandic intellectuals and artists in international cultural activities. Students will explore how the Cold War has been addressed in recent years, both in academic contexts and in public dissemination through exhibitions, podcasts, and graphic novels.

This seminar engages with theories on culture, narrative, and mediation. Active class participation is required.

In a historical context art has been the facet of society where innovation and progressive thinking has been of most value. This forward-looking aspect of art has non-the-less always depended upon its historical precedents—previous art practice. It is in this context that contemporary artists are constantly renewing their previous premises. At the same time contemporary art worlds are by nature complex structures—an increasing mix of different media and influences, where artists of necessity are informed by theoretical, social, political, and economic premises. In accord with that, contemporary cultural premises are in constant flux, dependent upon changes in technology, urbanisation, globalisation, and climate, in addition to a more volatile political field. It is in response to these issues that the nature of artistic practice is constantly changing. For these reasons it is adamant to constantly re-conceptualise the analysis of art and its function in society, where novel ideas and definitions, such as the 'Anthropocene' and the 'posthuman', can be utilised to understand better the situation of art in human society. In this course we re-examine the theoretical premises of contemporary art practice via research of the field of art—historical and contemporary—through research based on the interplay of art with diverse fields of study: history, philosophy, literature, media and film studies, anthropology, political theory, geography, sociology.

Relations between humans and animals are the focus of this course, which will be approached from both an academic and an artistic standpoint. Students will complete independent projects on an animal of their choice and attend field trips in nature and museums. The lectures will focus on diverse animals, such as polar bears, whales, great auks and puffins and recent scholarship on them. We will dig into visual and material representations of these, and other, animals in varied cultural contexts, including medieval literature, folktales, oral tradition, film, news reports, material culture and tourism. Consideration will be given to the idea of an “afterlife” of animals in the form of artworks, museum artefacts and souvenirs. We will examine artefacts in both private and public collections and pose the questions of what happens when a living animal is turned into a museum object, and how the meaning that we bestow upon an animal can be subject to development and change under different circumstances. The role of animals in the creation of knowledge and formation of discourse surrounding climate change and issues of the Arctic regions will also be addressed, in addition to animals’ connections to specific places and cultural groups and their role in identity formations of past and present. An attempt will be made to step outside of “traditional” dualism in which an emphasis is placed on distinctions between humans and animals as we acquaint ourselves with the ways in which human/animal (ecological, social and cultural) habitats are intertwined.

Aim

The aim is to explore urgent questions and topical issues regarding human/animal co-existence, climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental sustainability. We will consider how artists, researchers, activists and museums have been engaging with these questions and how they can further contribute to the discussion. We will examine how diverse museums convey their ideas and information on human/animal relations through their collections. Students will be encouraged to critically engage with visual material, objects and texts, both online and through visits to museums and exhibitions. 

What is cultural heritage and what purpose does it serve? Why does it always seem to be endangered? How does it tie together the past and the present? What's it got to do with the nation and the state? Historical consciousness? Globalization? Capitalism? Politics? The course will seek to answer these questions with reference to new research in folklore, ethnology, anthropology, art history, sociology, museology, history and archaeology and with a view to understanding what is going on in this expanding field of study.

This course provides an overview of Icelandic manuscript culture. Students will get practical training in reading Icelandic manuscripts from different periods, from the earliest extant Icelandic vellums dating to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries down to the paper manuscripts of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The origins of the Icelandic script will be discussed as well as its development over time, and students will get practical training in reading different types of script from different periods. The orthography of medieval manuscripts differs considerably from the modern orthography. It includes a system of abbreviations that is partly inherited from a much earlier Latin tradition. Students will get practical training in interpreting these abbreviations. The Icelandic language has also changed over time, and different manifestations of these language changes appear when reading and examining Icelandic texts from different periods. A selection of these changes will be discussed. Changes in script, orthography, and language provide valuable indications of the date of the manuscript, and students will get practical training in dating medieval Icelandic manuscripts based on script, orthography, and language.

Various aspects of medieval book production will be discussed, including the making of parchment and ink, and book binding. Scribes and scribal schools will be discussed as well as probable centres of book production in medieval Iceland. The works of some prolific scribes in the fourteenth century will be examined. What did they write? How did they write? Did they change their practice over a long scribal career? The texts contained by the manuscripts will also be examined and the basics of textual criticism introduced. Njáls saga, for instance, has survived in over sixty manuscripts with considerable textual variation. Which manuscript should then constitute the basis for a printed edition of Njáls saga? Different types of printed editions will be discussed, and students try their hand at editing a medieval text. The electronic editing of pre-modern texts will be introduced, and students will get practical training in mark-up with XML according to the guidelines of the Medieval Nordic Text Archive (MENOTA) and the Medieval Unicode Font Initiative (MUFI).

The course is taught through a combination of lectures and workshops with considerable student engagement. Many of the lectures will be pre-recorded allowing more time in the classroom for discussion and student contributions.

The course is run in cooperation with the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies which has the custody of the largest single collection of Icelandic medieval manuscripts. Students will visit the institute to learn about its collections and facilities and to examine manuscripts.

Course synopsis

Week 1
(1) Introduction
The course: format, readings, requirements and assessment.
The subject matter: Medieval Icelandic manuscripts.

(2) The earliest Icelandic manuscripts
A sketch of the history of the Latin script and the earliest writings in Icelandic. Where did Icelanders learn to use the Latin alphabet? Which orthography did they employ? Some main characteristics of medieval orthography and the use of abbreviations.

Week 2
(3) Electronic editing of medieval texts
How can medieval texts be presented electronically? The XML mark-up language, TEI, MENOTA, MU-FI, and related matters. We will try our hand at electronic editing.

(4) The earliest Icelandic orthography and the First Grammatical Treatise
The use of the Latin alphabet for writing Icelandic: challenges — and the solutions proposed by the author of the First Grammatical Treatise in the middle of the twelfth century.

Week 3
(5) Icelandic script and orthography in the thirteenth century
The difference between Icelandic and Norwegian orthography in the twelfth century. What changed in the course of the thirteenth century?

(6) Different types of print editions: scholarly editions
How accurate should printed editions be? Should every little detail in the manuscript be reproduced? What is “Classical Old Icelandic Normalized Orthography”? What are the needs of the readers? What is the role of the editor?

Week 4
(7) Norwegian influence on script, orthography, and language in Icelandic manuscripts
What is the manifestation of this Norwegian influence? How deep-rooted was it? How long did it last?

(8) The dating of manuscripts: script, orthography, and language
How can medieval Icelandic manuscripts be dated? Features of script, orthography, and language that can be helpful for dating.

Week 5
(9) Icelandic script and orthography in the fourteenth century
Main characteristics and their development.

(10) One scribal hand or many?
Distinguishing different scribal hands: some criteria. The Icelandic Homily Book from around 1200: One scribe or fourteen?

Week 6
(11) Book production: parchment, ink, binding — and conservation
From animal skin to parchment. How was the ink produced? Book design and book binding. The care and conservation of medieval manuscripts.

(12) Book production: parchment, ink, binding — and conservation
A visit to the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies.

— STUDY WEEK —

Week 7
(13) Scribes, scribal milieus, the export of books
On prolific scribes, scribal collaboration, and extensive production of books. Were books produced in Iceland for export in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

(14) Icelandic script and orthography in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
Main characteristics and their development.

Week 8
(15) Textual criticism
On the transmission of texts through copying. Textual variation, manuscript classification, and stemmatology.

(16) Textual criticism
Comparing manuscripts and collecting variants.

Week 9
(17) Manuscript illumination
On illuminated manuscripts, historiated initials, artists and their models.

(18) Manuscript catalogues and cataloguing
We will familiarize ourselves with the most important manuscript catalogues and learn about the principles of manuscript cataloguing.

Week 10
(19) Icelandic script and orthography in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Main characteristics and their development.

(20) The transmission of the text: a relic or a living text?
How did the language change when a scribe copied from an old exemplar? Njáls saga is believed to have been written towards the end of the thirteenth century. What is the language of Njáls saga in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century manuscripts?

Week 11
(21) Antiquarianism, manuscript collectors, and copyists
The sixteenth century saw the rise of interest in antiquities, old manuscripts were collected and copied.

(22) Different types of print editions: popular editions
How is a pre-modern text best presented to the modern reader? Should archaic features of language and orthography be retained or should they be updated? On the allegiance to the manuscript and allegiance to the reader.

Week 12
(23) Manuscript collections and manuscript collectors
The life and work of Árni Magnússon.

(24) The manuscript dispute and the return of the manuscripts to Iceland
The search for Codex Scardensis and a nerve-racking auction in London. The custody dispute with Denmark and the return of the manuscripts to Iceland 1971–1997.

— This synopsis may be subject to change. —

Readings

The reading list is on the course website on Canvas. It consists of readings in several languages, including English, Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian, German, and French. The reading list is (often) divided into three main sections:

(a) Required readings: Texts that everyone is required to read. These are all in English.

(b) Optional supplementary readings: These are optional readings for those who want a more in-depth discussion. Most of these readings are in English, but not all.

(c) For those who still want more: A variety of optional readings in several languages, not least in Icelandic, for those who still want more. This section is mostly for reference purposes and as a tool for further research.

Many of the required readings (and some of the optional readings) are found on the Canvas course website. Other reading materials are available in the institute library in the Árni Magnússon Institute in Edda and the University Library (Háskólabókasafn) in the Þjóðarbókhlaða.

Prerequisites
Some skills in Icelandic are essential to fully benefit from the course, as emphasis will be placed on practical training in reading and transcribing text from medieval Icelandic manuscripts. MIS105F Old Icelandic 1 or equivalent study of Old Icelandic is sufficient or some skills in Modern Icelandic. Please, consult the instructor if in doubt.

Course format
The course is taught through a combination of lectures and workshops with considerable student engagement. Many of the lectures will be prerecorded allowing more time in the classroom for discussion and student contributions (flipped classroom).

Working language: This course is open to students with different linguistic backgrounds, and there are two working languages, English and Icelandic. Pre-recorded lectures are in both English and Icelandic (except for guest lecturers who will present in English), written assignments are in both English and Icelandic, and reading materials are in English, Icelandic and the Scandinavian languages, but for those who cannot read Icelandic or the Scan-dinavian languages, all required readings are in English. English is the main working language in the classroom, but questions and contributions to class discussion may also be in Icelandic. — See a separate note on the working languages and the classroom arrangement.

Course requirements and assessment
The final grade for the course will be based on:

(1) Transcription assignments: 30%
(2) Manuscript catalogue assignment: 10%
(3) Manuscript dating assignment: 10%
(4) Presentation: manuscript of the day: 10%
(5) Research paper: 30%
(6) Class participation: 10%

All written assignments will be submitted through Canvas. More detailed instructions and information on deadlines is found on Canvas.

An examination will be made of the religious beliefs and practices of people in Scandinavia from the earliest of times until the conversion, material ranging from burial practices to rock carvings, to the written evidence given in the works of Tacitus, Adam of Bremen and Saxo Grammaticus, as well as in early Icelandic works like the Eddic poems and the Kings' sagas. Alongside this discussion of the development and key features of Old Norse religion, some attention will be paid to the concepts of seid and shamanism, especially in connection to their role in early religions. Finally, an examination will be made of the conversion of Scandinavia and how Christian concepts and practices both fitted and contrasted with the previously dominant Old Norse worldview.

Teaching format

• The teaching takes place in the form of lectures and discussion on the material of the lectures.

The objective of the course is to examine the fashion and clothes making of Icelanders in the 18th and 19th century from various angles. Research on handicraft and manufacturing will be examined in light of a variety of sources on handicraft, manufacturing and mentality in Iceland in relation to corresponding phenomena elsewhere in the realm of Denmark-Norway at the time. The reading material will be both scholarly work and primary sources. New research will be combined with primary sources, both from archives and museums. Field trips will be an important part of the course and research and analysis on clothes that are preserved. In recent years access has become better to published primary sources, both printed and online. The students will become capable of reading, finding, using and evaluating archival material from the 18th and 19th century and defining research questions in the field.

This course examines the development and transformation of ideological and political conflicts between East and West from 1979—when the Cold War took on a new form—until the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Students explore how ideology shaped the interactions, conflicts, and cooperation between the superpowers during the final years of the Cold War and after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Special emphasis is placed on the end of the Cold War, the impact of Gorbachev’s reforms, the fall of the Soviet Union, and how ideological tensions have continued in the relations between Russia, the United States, China, and Europe in the 21st century.

Einstaklingsverkefni A

Students learn and are trained in the methods of archival research, finding and evaluating sources in archives.  Practical exercises will be assigned.

In the course, well-known historical studies from Western culture will be read that deal with a variety of topics. An attempt will be made to show how historians, both at the end of the twentieth century and at the beginning of the twenty-first century, struggle with different topics in their research. The discussion will be put into an ideological context and emphasis will be placed on showing the different approaches of historians when the subject has been connected to the aforementioned field of study. An attempt was made to select interesting books that are likely to give us an interesting picture of the state of the arts of history today.

How did people in the Middle Ages understand the world around them?
This workshop introduces students to key methods and theoretical frameworks for exploring medieval worldviews and lived experiences through material culture. Central to this approach is the concept of materiality, which examines how the physical properties of objects shape human perception and interaction with the world. It has been argued that the medieval period was marked by an especially heightened awareness of the power of material things; matter was often understood as alive, with objects functioning as conduits for holy intervention or as protections against illness and disaster. In addition to materiality, the workshop examines medieval ideas about the body and the senses, granting students a deeper understanding of how people experienced their environment.

Students learn and are trained in the methods of archival research, finding and evaluating sources in archives.  Practical exercises will be assigned.

The course discusses the philosophical and theoretical foundations of gender studies, and the critical and interdisciplinary content of the field. The representation and meaning of sex and gender in language, culture, history, science, and society is explored. The analytical perspective of the field is presented, as is its relationship with methodology. Students are trained in applying theoretical concepts and methods independently and critically.

The societal role of museums will be discussed from several angles: economic, political, cultural, social and last but not least in an international context. Examples of topics that will be discussed in the course are the role of museums in building the concept of the nation; the legal environment of museums; how museums are run; the status and role of the main museums; museums owned and run by local authorities and other museums; the financing of museums, and the policies of authorities regarding museums. Both national and foreign examples will be taken. 

Work format

Teaching will take the form of lectures and discussions.

In the course Communication channels II during the spring semester the students work with the following communication methods: a) oral presentation and b) exhibitions of cultural and historical material. Digital communication will be integrated into both aspects.

The students will work with the basics of oral presentation and practice in smaller and larger groups. Basic issues regarding the organization of conferences and seminars and their management will also be reviewed and a conference is held where all students present their projects. Digital communication will also be integrated into this section. Following is a section about exhibitions with connection to digital communication. The basics of exhibitions and different ways of presentation will be discussed.  The basics of digital communication will be covered, what are the main channels, advantages and disadvantages, and what rules apply to the presentation of texts on the web.

There are no exams in the course. Instead, students work on projects, individual and group projects. They are the following:

1. Lecture at a conference and other projects in that context
2. Exhibition analysis and a practical project in connection with exhibitions organized by the City History Museum (Borgarsögusafn)
3. Digital communication will be integrated into both aspects. Emphasis is placed on common themes and group work in the course.

The course is not taught remotely.

In today’s society, where there is backlash in human rights, and in some cases women’s previously secured rights have been challenged, it is essential to understand the history of women´s right sand the women’s movement.  This course explores ideas concerning women’s rights from the eighteenth century (and, where relevant, earlier) to the latter half of the twentieth century, examining who articulated these ideas and in what ways. It addresses the struggles of women (and men) for gender equality, the milestones that were achieved, and the obstacles women encountered along the way. Attention will be given to concepts such as feminism, a term that did not emerge until the late nineteenth century, and its various manifestations. The concept, women’s movement, will also be scrutinised. Scholars in the fields of women’s and gender history have increasingly critiqued dominant definitions and questioned which movements deserve recognition within the grand narrative of women’s history. In this context, the usefulness and limitations of the so-called “wave theory” will be discussed, that is, the tendency to liken women’s movements to tidal cycles of ebb and flow: the first wave of feminism/women’s rights, the second wave, and so forth. Although the focus of the course will primarily be on the Western world, efforts will be made to integrate perspectives from other regions, as well as from Iceland, where appropriate.

This course aims to introduce students to the nature and development of science by examining episodes of its history and by disucssing recent theories concerning the nature, aims, and development of science. A special emphasis will be placed on the history of physical science from Aristotle to Newton, including developments in astronomy during the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th century. We will also specifically examine the history of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. These episodes and many others will be viewed through the lens of various theories of scientific progress, and through recent views about interactions between science and society at large. The course material may change depending on the students’ interest.

Overview of the history of the Viking age and history of Viking research. Emphasis is placed on the archaeological evidence, the sites and the objects, and discussing how archaeological data has contributed to our understanding of this period. Particular attention is given to economic patterns, issues of ethnicity and state formation.

Living in the contemporary world it is easy to think of the past as something remote and separate from everyday life - whether it is a trip to a museum or even studying archaeology at university, history seems to always be placed at one remove from our everyday life. Something we encounter for fun or interest. The aim of this course is to look at our modern world through an archaeological and historical lens: how are the patterns of our lives today the product of things that happened in the past? This course will show how the past is alive in the present – not as a heritage site or archaeology textbook but as something which still shapes our daily routines and the material world around us. Although the roots of this go back to our biological evolution, arguably most of these effects emerged in the last 500 years.

During the last decades, medieval archaeology has experienced significant growth as a discipline concerned with material culture. Initially, the use of material culture was marginalized to the role of confirming or refuting historical knowledge about this period but today it is understood as having equal historical importance to the archived material. The course is thus intended to improve student’s understanding of Medieval Europe during the period 800–1600 AD through the study of material culture. It deals with general themes in medieval archaeology, such as identity, social status, rural and urban landscapes, religion, life and death, rather than the historical development of the Middle Ages in chronological order. The aim is to give students insight into the different fields of theory and method of medieval archaeology through both material and documentary evidences in accordance with the current state of research. A special emphasis will be put on medieval Iceland, as a part of European culture and society, but even on how medieval archaeologists gather their sources, analyse them and reach conclusions of historical importance.

The course is intended for postgraduate students only. It is adapted to the needs of students from different fields of study. The course is taught over a six-week period.

The course is taught over the first six weeks of spring semester on Fridays from 1:20 pm - 3:40 pm.

Description: 
The topics of the course include: Professionalism and the scientist’s responsibilities. Demands for scientific objectivity and the ethics of research. Issues of equality and standards of good practice. Power and science. Conflicts of interest and misconduct in research. Science, academia and industry. Research ethics and ethical decision making.

Objectives: 
In this course, the student gains knowledge about ethical issues in science and research and is trained in reasoning about ethical controversies relating to science and research in contemporary society.

The instruction takes the form of lectures and discussion. The course is viewed as an academic community where students are actively engaged in a focused dialogue about  the topics. Each student (working as a member of a two-person team) gives a presentation according to a plan designed at the beginning of the course, and other students acquaint themselves with the topic as well for the purpose of participating in a teacher-led discussion.

The objective of the course is to explore how people relate to places in different ways. A variety of places - from private homes to airports, from city-centres to wastelands, form summer resorts to places of worship - will be explored in terms of affect and meaning, accumulated by passing though and dwelling as well as socio-political constructions. What creates and maintains place attachment? How do people relate differently to a place of their youth and place of destination? What constitutes a sense of belonging to a place? How do refugees, migrant workers and other migrants relate to new places and new landscapes and how do they maintain or sever ties to their place of origin. What role does experience, affect, memory, aesthetics, identification and sense of history play in who can claim a place and how? How do social structures, political objectives and conceptual understandings of place condition the meaning and sense of place for individuals and communities?

The course analyzes the formation, articulation, and practice of U.S. foreign policy from World War II to the present. It focuses on the hegemonial position of the United States in the international system, its political values, culture, domestic politics, propaganda, and military power. It also explores representations of the “American Empire” during and after the Cold War and its reception abroad through an analysis of the transmission of American ideologies, unilateralist practices, liberalism, mass culture and consumption patterns, and race and gender images. The history of U.S. foreign policy from the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt to that of Donald Trump will be approached by examining how individual presidents shaped America’s global role.  U.S. actions abroad will be analyzed within broader ideological and structural contexts—including the Cold War, capitalism and anti-communism, democracy promotion, imperialism, human rights, international law, and global economic institutions. Special attention will be given to how race, gender, and domestic politics intersect with foreign policy, as well as the evolving role of international organizations and legal norms in shaping American engagement with the world. Attention will be paid to geopolitical and regional approaches, with emphasis on U.S.-European relations, Asia and Africa, and individual states, such as the Soviet Union/Russia, Britain, Germany, France, Vietnam, China, and South Africa during and after the Cold War. Emphasis will also be put on military interventions, including the Korean War, the Vietnam Wars, the wars in the former Yugoslavia, “the war on terror,” and the wars in Afghanistan, Libya, Iraq, Syria, and Ukraine  Finally, ideas about the decline of the “American Empire” will be explored and put within the context of the rise of China. In addition, recent U.S. attempts to challenge the liberal international order it created after World War II and to question the sovereign rights or aspirations (Canada and Greenland) will be analyzed. Various theoretical approaches in History, International Relations, and Cultural Studies, will be used to examine the topic.

The course is intended to be, first of all, a very practical overview of the main categories of public sources that are preserved in archives and are accessible in electronic form. All categories have their advantages and disadvantages. The sources were created within some kind of administration and their aim was to gather information about the "population" that is under, preserve it and use the information to strengthen the administration and "create" the facts it needed. to hold to maintain itself. Secondly, the course is an introduction to the development that has taken place in the methodology of solitude in new Icelandic research in history. This is a new perspective on what has been called the unification of history. Thirdly, the course will be an introduction to how the emotions of individuals in the past can be analyzed through public sources and how the ideology of the history of emotions can be used in those analyzes and a new integration of theories about poverty and disability in the past with special emphasis on gender perspectives.

Einstaklingsverkefni A

Individual Course

Preservation of private archives and how they are used as sources of past history. The role of archival institutions in the preservation and collection of private archives will be examined, and how and where private archives are preserved in Iceland. Access to private archives will be examined. Work in the course requires active participation. Lectures will be held and in addition students are expected to complete assignments in group work and independently. Visits are expected to depositories that preserve private archives.

This course covers the role of public archives and archiving and record management in the past and present. The importance of the principle of provenance for archives and history. A summary of the history of administration. The activities and legal environment of public archives in Iceland will be discussed and their role in records management in public administration. What organizations are obliged to transfer their records to public archives. The evolution of archiving and records management in the 20th and 21st centuries will be examined. Methods of records managements, old and new. The sorting and cataloguing of archives.

Historical and historiographical survey of major topics in the history of the medieval North, with special emphasis on Iceland and Norway from the Viking Age into the fourteenth century. Topics include: Power, kingship and state; law and feud; kinship, gender and social ties; religious and mental outlook(s); conversion, Christianity and church; economic conditions. Prior knowledge of the “factual” narrative (textbook narrative) is helpful but not necessary.

The course is run in cooperation with the state radio station: RÚV - Rás 1. Discussion will take place into the presentation of radio/audio material, various examples being examined. Attention will be given to the nature of audio communication and the possibilities of audio communication in the present media environment. Attention is also paid to concept development, interview techniques, recording techniques, dramaturgy and editing, accentuating sustainability and self-reliance. All students will complete a final project involving the making of radio programmes.

This class surveys the history, society and archaeology of Viking Age Iceland. We will read parts of medieval Icelandic sagas, the Eddas and Skaldic poetry, and modern historical, anthropological and literary studies will be discussed. We will explore the ways in which Icelandic society evolved throughout the Viking Age (ca. 790–1100 AD) in its interrelation with different cultural spheres, and dive into aspects of everyday life, politics, belief systems, ship building and traveling.

A regular focus of this class will be on saga literature (Fornaldarsögur, Íslendingasögur, Konungasögur), as this literature is our main source for interpreting archaeological findings, on the one hand, for exploring later medieval ideas of the Viking Age, on the other hand. With that said, the source value of written artifacts for Viking Age Iceland will be discussed, and this even includes a closer look at modern popular and academic reception, where different sources are regularly mingled without any distinct source criticism. Last but not least, we will discuss the so-called Vikings and their so-called age in the light of recent populist movements, and scholarly reactions to it.

In the courses Communication channels I and Communication channels II, the basics of methods for the dissemination of cultural material in the humanities and social sciences are presented. Communication channels I is in the fall semester, while Communication channels II is in the spring semester. 

In Communication channels I, the students are working with a) text and images in the first half of the semester and b) short documentaries in the second half of the course. Each subject weighs 50% in the course. Concerning a) Students will receive training in article writing and discourse analysis on the one hand and use of images and image analysis on the other.  Concerning b) Students work on making short documentaries. It includes basic training in screenwriting, shooting and editing, and students work in groups on a documentary, according to a specific theme. 

There are no exams in the course. Instead, students work on projects, individual and group projects. They are the following:

1. Analysis of texts and images
2. An article with an image on a specific theme for publication, about 800 words.
3. A group project where students work on a short documentary that is shown at the end of the course. Emphasis is placed on common themes and group work in the course. The course is not taught remotely.

The reading material be based on on essential theoretical works as well as recent research. The history of the field will be critically examined in light of trends at the beginning of the 21^st century. 

Work format

Teaching will take the form of lectures and discussions.

The course explores the relationship between political and aesthetic discourse in Iceland during the era of the cultural Cold War, a global ideological struggle waged by the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, for the hearts and minds of populations around the world in the latter half of the 20th century. The course draws on interdisciplinary research on the Cold War, with a focus on the interplay between global influences and local conditions. This glocal approach allows for an examination of Icelandic agents in the Cold War not only as representatives of the two empires, the United States and the Soviet Union, but also based on their own cultural values and interests. A mixed methodology will be employed, incorporating theories and methods from the social sciences, as well as from art history, literary studies, and historiography. Special emphasis will be placed on the analysis of literary texts and artworks, while attention will also be given to the participation of Icelandic intellectuals and artists in international cultural activities. Students will explore how the Cold War has been addressed in recent years, both in academic contexts and in public dissemination through exhibitions, podcasts, and graphic novels.

This seminar engages with theories on culture, narrative, and mediation. Active class participation is required.

In a historical context art has been the facet of society where innovation and progressive thinking has been of most value. This forward-looking aspect of art has non-the-less always depended upon its historical precedents—previous art practice. It is in this context that contemporary artists are constantly renewing their previous premises. At the same time contemporary art worlds are by nature complex structures—an increasing mix of different media and influences, where artists of necessity are informed by theoretical, social, political, and economic premises. In accord with that, contemporary cultural premises are in constant flux, dependent upon changes in technology, urbanisation, globalisation, and climate, in addition to a more volatile political field. It is in response to these issues that the nature of artistic practice is constantly changing. For these reasons it is adamant to constantly re-conceptualise the analysis of art and its function in society, where novel ideas and definitions, such as the 'Anthropocene' and the 'posthuman', can be utilised to understand better the situation of art in human society. In this course we re-examine the theoretical premises of contemporary art practice via research of the field of art—historical and contemporary—through research based on the interplay of art with diverse fields of study: history, philosophy, literature, media and film studies, anthropology, political theory, geography, sociology.

Relations between humans and animals are the focus of this course, which will be approached from both an academic and an artistic standpoint. Students will complete independent projects on an animal of their choice and attend field trips in nature and museums. The lectures will focus on diverse animals, such as polar bears, whales, great auks and puffins and recent scholarship on them. We will dig into visual and material representations of these, and other, animals in varied cultural contexts, including medieval literature, folktales, oral tradition, film, news reports, material culture and tourism. Consideration will be given to the idea of an “afterlife” of animals in the form of artworks, museum artefacts and souvenirs. We will examine artefacts in both private and public collections and pose the questions of what happens when a living animal is turned into a museum object, and how the meaning that we bestow upon an animal can be subject to development and change under different circumstances. The role of animals in the creation of knowledge and formation of discourse surrounding climate change and issues of the Arctic regions will also be addressed, in addition to animals’ connections to specific places and cultural groups and their role in identity formations of past and present. An attempt will be made to step outside of “traditional” dualism in which an emphasis is placed on distinctions between humans and animals as we acquaint ourselves with the ways in which human/animal (ecological, social and cultural) habitats are intertwined.

Aim

The aim is to explore urgent questions and topical issues regarding human/animal co-existence, climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental sustainability. We will consider how artists, researchers, activists and museums have been engaging with these questions and how they can further contribute to the discussion. We will examine how diverse museums convey their ideas and information on human/animal relations through their collections. Students will be encouraged to critically engage with visual material, objects and texts, both online and through visits to museums and exhibitions. 

What is cultural heritage and what purpose does it serve? Why does it always seem to be endangered? How does it tie together the past and the present? What's it got to do with the nation and the state? Historical consciousness? Globalization? Capitalism? Politics? The course will seek to answer these questions with reference to new research in folklore, ethnology, anthropology, art history, sociology, museology, history and archaeology and with a view to understanding what is going on in this expanding field of study.

Research Project for MA-thesis in collaboration with supervisor.

In recent decades, theoretical contexts of art historiography and art criticism have been thoroughly reexamined. New theories, new data and digital technologies have led to a drastic change in research questions and approaches. Critical concepts such as intersectionality, inclusion, sustainability, social activism, and environment have led to new methodologies and different perspectives. In this course, these approaches will be discussed though reading the latest research in the field of art and cultural history. Ideas about the global artworlds and its cultural and political connections will be examined in detail, a variety of topics will be discussed and dissected in writing.

.

The course analyzes the formation, articulation, and practice of U.S. foreign policy from World War II to the present. It focuses on the hegemonial position of the United States in the international system, its political values, culture, domestic politics, propaganda, and military power. It also explores representations of the “American Empire” during and after the Cold War and its reception abroad through an analysis of the transmission of American ideologies, unilateralist practices, liberalism, mass culture and consumption patterns, and race and gender images. The history of U.S. foreign policy from the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt to that of Donald Trump will be approached by examining how individual presidents shaped America’s global role.  U.S. actions abroad will be analyzed within broader ideological and structural contexts—including the Cold War, capitalism and anti-communism, democracy promotion, imperialism, human rights, international law, and global economic institutions. Special attention will be given to how race, gender, and domestic politics intersect with foreign policy, as well as the evolving role of international organizations and legal norms in shaping American engagement with the world. Attention will be paid to geopolitical and regional approaches, with emphasis on U.S.-European relations, Asia and Africa, and individual states, such as the Soviet Union/Russia, Britain, Germany, France, Vietnam, China, and South Africa during and after the Cold War. Emphasis will also be put on military interventions, including the Korean War, the Vietnam Wars, the wars in the former Yugoslavia, “the war on terror,” and the wars in Afghanistan, Libya, Iraq, Syria, and Ukraine  Finally, ideas about the decline of the “American Empire” will be explored and put within the context of the rise of China. In addition, recent U.S. attempts to challenge the liberal international order it created after World War II and to question the sovereign rights or aspirations (Canada and Greenland) will be analyzed. Various theoretical approaches in History, International Relations, and Cultural Studies, will be used to examine the topic.

The course is intended to be, first of all, a very practical overview of the main categories of public sources that are preserved in archives and are accessible in electronic form. All categories have their advantages and disadvantages. The sources were created within some kind of administration and their aim was to gather information about the "population" that is under, preserve it and use the information to strengthen the administration and "create" the facts it needed. to hold to maintain itself. Secondly, the course is an introduction to the development that has taken place in the methodology of solitude in new Icelandic research in history. This is a new perspective on what has been called the unification of history. Thirdly, the course will be an introduction to how the emotions of individuals in the past can be analyzed through public sources and how the ideology of the history of emotions can be used in those analyzes and a new integration of theories about poverty and disability in the past with special emphasis on gender perspectives.

Einstaklingsverkefni A

Individual Course

Preservation of private archives and how they are used as sources of past history. The role of archival institutions in the preservation and collection of private archives will be examined, and how and where private archives are preserved in Iceland. Access to private archives will be examined. Work in the course requires active participation. Lectures will be held and in addition students are expected to complete assignments in group work and independently. Visits are expected to depositories that preserve private archives.

This course covers the role of public archives and archiving and record management in the past and present. The importance of the principle of provenance for archives and history. A summary of the history of administration. The activities and legal environment of public archives in Iceland will be discussed and their role in records management in public administration. What organizations are obliged to transfer their records to public archives. The evolution of archiving and records management in the 20th and 21st centuries will be examined. Methods of records managements, old and new. The sorting and cataloguing of archives.

Historical and historiographical survey of major topics in the history of the medieval North, with special emphasis on Iceland and Norway from the Viking Age into the fourteenth century. Topics include: Power, kingship and state; law and feud; kinship, gender and social ties; religious and mental outlook(s); conversion, Christianity and church; economic conditions. Prior knowledge of the “factual” narrative (textbook narrative) is helpful but not necessary.

The aim of the course is to provide students with a more comprehensive and deeper insight into the different theoretical approaches within the humanities. In the course, the main theories that have influenced theoretical discussion in the humanities over the last decades will be presented and discussed, and the students are taught how to apply them in their own research.

The course is run in cooperation with the state radio station: RÚV - Rás 1. Discussion will take place into the presentation of radio/audio material, various examples being examined. Attention will be given to the nature of audio communication and the possibilities of audio communication in the present media environment. Attention is also paid to concept development, interview techniques, recording techniques, dramaturgy and editing, accentuating sustainability and self-reliance. All students will complete a final project involving the making of radio programmes.

This class surveys the history, society and archaeology of Viking Age Iceland. We will read parts of medieval Icelandic sagas, the Eddas and Skaldic poetry, and modern historical, anthropological and literary studies will be discussed. We will explore the ways in which Icelandic society evolved throughout the Viking Age (ca. 790–1100 AD) in its interrelation with different cultural spheres, and dive into aspects of everyday life, politics, belief systems, ship building and traveling.

A regular focus of this class will be on saga literature (Fornaldarsögur, Íslendingasögur, Konungasögur), as this literature is our main source for interpreting archaeological findings, on the one hand, for exploring later medieval ideas of the Viking Age, on the other hand. With that said, the source value of written artifacts for Viking Age Iceland will be discussed, and this even includes a closer look at modern popular and academic reception, where different sources are regularly mingled without any distinct source criticism. Last but not least, we will discuss the so-called Vikings and their so-called age in the light of recent populist movements, and scholarly reactions to it.

In the courses Communication channels I and Communication channels II, the basics of methods for the dissemination of cultural material in the humanities and social sciences are presented. Communication channels I is in the fall semester, while Communication channels II is in the spring semester. 

In Communication channels I, the students are working with a) text and images in the first half of the semester and b) short documentaries in the second half of the course. Each subject weighs 50% in the course. Concerning a) Students will receive training in article writing and discourse analysis on the one hand and use of images and image analysis on the other.  Concerning b) Students work on making short documentaries. It includes basic training in screenwriting, shooting and editing, and students work in groups on a documentary, according to a specific theme. 

There are no exams in the course. Instead, students work on projects, individual and group projects. They are the following:

1. Analysis of texts and images
2. An article with an image on a specific theme for publication, about 800 words.
3. A group project where students work on a short documentary that is shown at the end of the course. Emphasis is placed on common themes and group work in the course. The course is not taught remotely.

The reading material be based on on essential theoretical works as well as recent research. The history of the field will be critically examined in light of trends at the beginning of the 21^st century. 

Work format

Teaching will take the form of lectures and discussions.

The course explores the relationship between political and aesthetic discourse in Iceland during the era of the cultural Cold War, a global ideological struggle waged by the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, for the hearts and minds of populations around the world in the latter half of the 20th century. The course draws on interdisciplinary research on the Cold War, with a focus on the interplay between global influences and local conditions. This glocal approach allows for an examination of Icelandic agents in the Cold War not only as representatives of the two empires, the United States and the Soviet Union, but also based on their own cultural values and interests. A mixed methodology will be employed, incorporating theories and methods from the social sciences, as well as from art history, literary studies, and historiography. Special emphasis will be placed on the analysis of literary texts and artworks, while attention will also be given to the participation of Icelandic intellectuals and artists in international cultural activities. Students will explore how the Cold War has been addressed in recent years, both in academic contexts and in public dissemination through exhibitions, podcasts, and graphic novels.

This seminar engages with theories on culture, narrative, and mediation. Active class participation is required.

In a historical context art has been the facet of society where innovation and progressive thinking has been of most value. This forward-looking aspect of art has non-the-less always depended upon its historical precedents—previous art practice. It is in this context that contemporary artists are constantly renewing their previous premises. At the same time contemporary art worlds are by nature complex structures—an increasing mix of different media and influences, where artists of necessity are informed by theoretical, social, political, and economic premises. In accord with that, contemporary cultural premises are in constant flux, dependent upon changes in technology, urbanisation, globalisation, and climate, in addition to a more volatile political field. It is in response to these issues that the nature of artistic practice is constantly changing. For these reasons it is adamant to constantly re-conceptualise the analysis of art and its function in society, where novel ideas and definitions, such as the 'Anthropocene' and the 'posthuman', can be utilised to understand better the situation of art in human society. In this course we re-examine the theoretical premises of contemporary art practice via research of the field of art—historical and contemporary—through research based on the interplay of art with diverse fields of study: history, philosophy, literature, media and film studies, anthropology, political theory, geography, sociology.

Relations between humans and animals are the focus of this course, which will be approached from both an academic and an artistic standpoint. Students will complete independent projects on an animal of their choice and attend field trips in nature and museums. The lectures will focus on diverse animals, such as polar bears, whales, great auks and puffins and recent scholarship on them. We will dig into visual and material representations of these, and other, animals in varied cultural contexts, including medieval literature, folktales, oral tradition, film, news reports, material culture and tourism. Consideration will be given to the idea of an “afterlife” of animals in the form of artworks, museum artefacts and souvenirs. We will examine artefacts in both private and public collections and pose the questions of what happens when a living animal is turned into a museum object, and how the meaning that we bestow upon an animal can be subject to development and change under different circumstances. The role of animals in the creation of knowledge and formation of discourse surrounding climate change and issues of the Arctic regions will also be addressed, in addition to animals’ connections to specific places and cultural groups and their role in identity formations of past and present. An attempt will be made to step outside of “traditional” dualism in which an emphasis is placed on distinctions between humans and animals as we acquaint ourselves with the ways in which human/animal (ecological, social and cultural) habitats are intertwined.

Aim

The aim is to explore urgent questions and topical issues regarding human/animal co-existence, climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental sustainability. We will consider how artists, researchers, activists and museums have been engaging with these questions and how they can further contribute to the discussion. We will examine how diverse museums convey their ideas and information on human/animal relations through their collections. Students will be encouraged to critically engage with visual material, objects and texts, both online and through visits to museums and exhibitions. 

What is cultural heritage and what purpose does it serve? Why does it always seem to be endangered? How does it tie together the past and the present? What's it got to do with the nation and the state? Historical consciousness? Globalization? Capitalism? Politics? The course will seek to answer these questions with reference to new research in folklore, ethnology, anthropology, art history, sociology, museology, history and archaeology and with a view to understanding what is going on in this expanding field of study.

This course provides an overview of Icelandic manuscript culture. Students will get practical training in reading Icelandic manuscripts from different periods, from the earliest extant Icelandic vellums dating to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries down to the paper manuscripts of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The origins of the Icelandic script will be discussed as well as its development over time, and students will get practical training in reading different types of script from different periods. The orthography of medieval manuscripts differs considerably from the modern orthography. It includes a system of abbreviations that is partly inherited from a much earlier Latin tradition. Students will get practical training in interpreting these abbreviations. The Icelandic language has also changed over time, and different manifestations of these language changes appear when reading and examining Icelandic texts from different periods. A selection of these changes will be discussed. Changes in script, orthography, and language provide valuable indications of the date of the manuscript, and students will get practical training in dating medieval Icelandic manuscripts based on script, orthography, and language.

Various aspects of medieval book production will be discussed, including the making of parchment and ink, and book binding. Scribes and scribal schools will be discussed as well as probable centres of book production in medieval Iceland. The works of some prolific scribes in the fourteenth century will be examined. What did they write? How did they write? Did they change their practice over a long scribal career? The texts contained by the manuscripts will also be examined and the basics of textual criticism introduced. Njáls saga, for instance, has survived in over sixty manuscripts with considerable textual variation. Which manuscript should then constitute the basis for a printed edition of Njáls saga? Different types of printed editions will be discussed, and students try their hand at editing a medieval text. The electronic editing of pre-modern texts will be introduced, and students will get practical training in mark-up with XML according to the guidelines of the Medieval Nordic Text Archive (MENOTA) and the Medieval Unicode Font Initiative (MUFI).

The course is taught through a combination of lectures and workshops with considerable student engagement. Many of the lectures will be pre-recorded allowing more time in the classroom for discussion and student contributions.

The course is run in cooperation with the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies which has the custody of the largest single collection of Icelandic medieval manuscripts. Students will visit the institute to learn about its collections and facilities and to examine manuscripts.

Course synopsis

Week 1
(1) Introduction
The course: format, readings, requirements and assessment.
The subject matter: Medieval Icelandic manuscripts.

(2) The earliest Icelandic manuscripts
A sketch of the history of the Latin script and the earliest writings in Icelandic. Where did Icelanders learn to use the Latin alphabet? Which orthography did they employ? Some main characteristics of medieval orthography and the use of abbreviations.

Week 2
(3) Electronic editing of medieval texts
How can medieval texts be presented electronically? The XML mark-up language, TEI, MENOTA, MU-FI, and related matters. We will try our hand at electronic editing.

(4) The earliest Icelandic orthography and the First Grammatical Treatise
The use of the Latin alphabet for writing Icelandic: challenges — and the solutions proposed by the author of the First Grammatical Treatise in the middle of the twelfth century.

Week 3
(5) Icelandic script and orthography in the thirteenth century
The difference between Icelandic and Norwegian orthography in the twelfth century. What changed in the course of the thirteenth century?

(6) Different types of print editions: scholarly editions
How accurate should printed editions be? Should every little detail in the manuscript be reproduced? What is “Classical Old Icelandic Normalized Orthography”? What are the needs of the readers? What is the role of the editor?

Week 4
(7) Norwegian influence on script, orthography, and language in Icelandic manuscripts
What is the manifestation of this Norwegian influence? How deep-rooted was it? How long did it last?

(8) The dating of manuscripts: script, orthography, and language
How can medieval Icelandic manuscripts be dated? Features of script, orthography, and language that can be helpful for dating.

Week 5
(9) Icelandic script and orthography in the fourteenth century
Main characteristics and their development.

(10) One scribal hand or many?
Distinguishing different scribal hands: some criteria. The Icelandic Homily Book from around 1200: One scribe or fourteen?

Week 6
(11) Book production: parchment, ink, binding — and conservation
From animal skin to parchment. How was the ink produced? Book design and book binding. The care and conservation of medieval manuscripts.

(12) Book production: parchment, ink, binding — and conservation
A visit to the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies.

— STUDY WEEK —

Week 7
(13) Scribes, scribal milieus, the export of books
On prolific scribes, scribal collaboration, and extensive production of books. Were books produced in Iceland for export in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

(14) Icelandic script and orthography in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
Main characteristics and their development.

Week 8
(15) Textual criticism
On the transmission of texts through copying. Textual variation, manuscript classification, and stemmatology.

(16) Textual criticism
Comparing manuscripts and collecting variants.

Week 9
(17) Manuscript illumination
On illuminated manuscripts, historiated initials, artists and their models.

(18) Manuscript catalogues and cataloguing
We will familiarize ourselves with the most important manuscript catalogues and learn about the principles of manuscript cataloguing.

Week 10
(19) Icelandic script and orthography in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Main characteristics and their development.

(20) The transmission of the text: a relic or a living text?
How did the language change when a scribe copied from an old exemplar? Njáls saga is believed to have been written towards the end of the thirteenth century. What is the language of Njáls saga in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century manuscripts?

Week 11
(21) Antiquarianism, manuscript collectors, and copyists
The sixteenth century saw the rise of interest in antiquities, old manuscripts were collected and copied.

(22) Different types of print editions: popular editions
How is a pre-modern text best presented to the modern reader? Should archaic features of language and orthography be retained or should they be updated? On the allegiance to the manuscript and allegiance to the reader.

Week 12
(23) Manuscript collections and manuscript collectors
The life and work of Árni Magnússon.

(24) The manuscript dispute and the return of the manuscripts to Iceland
The search for Codex Scardensis and a nerve-racking auction in London. The custody dispute with Denmark and the return of the manuscripts to Iceland 1971–1997.

— This synopsis may be subject to change. —

Readings

The reading list is on the course website on Canvas. It consists of readings in several languages, including English, Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian, German, and French. The reading list is (often) divided into three main sections:

(a) Required readings: Texts that everyone is required to read. These are all in English.

(b) Optional supplementary readings: These are optional readings for those who want a more in-depth discussion. Most of these readings are in English, but not all.

(c) For those who still want more: A variety of optional readings in several languages, not least in Icelandic, for those who still want more. This section is mostly for reference purposes and as a tool for further research.

Many of the required readings (and some of the optional readings) are found on the Canvas course website. Other reading materials are available in the institute library in the Árni Magnússon Institute in Edda and the University Library (Háskólabókasafn) in the Þjóðarbókhlaða.

Prerequisites
Some skills in Icelandic are essential to fully benefit from the course, as emphasis will be placed on practical training in reading and transcribing text from medieval Icelandic manuscripts. MIS105F Old Icelandic 1 or equivalent study of Old Icelandic is sufficient or some skills in Modern Icelandic. Please, consult the instructor if in doubt.

Course format
The course is taught through a combination of lectures and workshops with considerable student engagement. Many of the lectures will be prerecorded allowing more time in the classroom for discussion and student contributions (flipped classroom).

Working language: This course is open to students with different linguistic backgrounds, and there are two working languages, English and Icelandic. Pre-recorded lectures are in both English and Icelandic (except for guest lecturers who will present in English), written assignments are in both English and Icelandic, and reading materials are in English, Icelandic and the Scandinavian languages, but for those who cannot read Icelandic or the Scan-dinavian languages, all required readings are in English. English is the main working language in the classroom, but questions and contributions to class discussion may also be in Icelandic. — See a separate note on the working languages and the classroom arrangement.

Course requirements and assessment
The final grade for the course will be based on:

(1) Transcription assignments: 30%
(2) Manuscript catalogue assignment: 10%
(3) Manuscript dating assignment: 10%
(4) Presentation: manuscript of the day: 10%
(5) Research paper: 30%
(6) Class participation: 10%

All written assignments will be submitted through Canvas. More detailed instructions and information on deadlines is found on Canvas.

An examination will be made of the religious beliefs and practices of people in Scandinavia from the earliest of times until the conversion, material ranging from burial practices to rock carvings, to the written evidence given in the works of Tacitus, Adam of Bremen and Saxo Grammaticus, as well as in early Icelandic works like the Eddic poems and the Kings' sagas. Alongside this discussion of the development and key features of Old Norse religion, some attention will be paid to the concepts of seid and shamanism, especially in connection to their role in early religions. Finally, an examination will be made of the conversion of Scandinavia and how Christian concepts and practices both fitted and contrasted with the previously dominant Old Norse worldview.

Teaching format

• The teaching takes place in the form of lectures and discussion on the material of the lectures.

The objective of the course is to examine the fashion and clothes making of Icelanders in the 18th and 19th century from various angles. Research on handicraft and manufacturing will be examined in light of a variety of sources on handicraft, manufacturing and mentality in Iceland in relation to corresponding phenomena elsewhere in the realm of Denmark-Norway at the time. The reading material will be both scholarly work and primary sources. New research will be combined with primary sources, both from archives and museums. Field trips will be an important part of the course and research and analysis on clothes that are preserved. In recent years access has become better to published primary sources, both printed and online. The students will become capable of reading, finding, using and evaluating archival material from the 18th and 19th century and defining research questions in the field.

This course examines the development and transformation of ideological and political conflicts between East and West from 1979—when the Cold War took on a new form—until the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Students explore how ideology shaped the interactions, conflicts, and cooperation between the superpowers during the final years of the Cold War and after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Special emphasis is placed on the end of the Cold War, the impact of Gorbachev’s reforms, the fall of the Soviet Union, and how ideological tensions have continued in the relations between Russia, the United States, China, and Europe in the 21st century.

Einstaklingsverkefni A

Students learn and are trained in the methods of archival research, finding and evaluating sources in archives.  Practical exercises will be assigned.

In the course, well-known historical studies from Western culture will be read that deal with a variety of topics. An attempt will be made to show how historians, both at the end of the twentieth century and at the beginning of the twenty-first century, struggle with different topics in their research. The discussion will be put into an ideological context and emphasis will be placed on showing the different approaches of historians when the subject has been connected to the aforementioned field of study. An attempt was made to select interesting books that are likely to give us an interesting picture of the state of the arts of history today.

How did people in the Middle Ages understand the world around them?
This workshop introduces students to key methods and theoretical frameworks for exploring medieval worldviews and lived experiences through material culture. Central to this approach is the concept of materiality, which examines how the physical properties of objects shape human perception and interaction with the world. It has been argued that the medieval period was marked by an especially heightened awareness of the power of material things; matter was often understood as alive, with objects functioning as conduits for holy intervention or as protections against illness and disaster. In addition to materiality, the workshop examines medieval ideas about the body and the senses, granting students a deeper understanding of how people experienced their environment.

Students learn and are trained in the methods of archival research, finding and evaluating sources in archives.  Practical exercises will be assigned.

The course discusses the philosophical and theoretical foundations of gender studies, and the critical and interdisciplinary content of the field. The representation and meaning of sex and gender in language, culture, history, science, and society is explored. The analytical perspective of the field is presented, as is its relationship with methodology. Students are trained in applying theoretical concepts and methods independently and critically.

The societal role of museums will be discussed from several angles: economic, political, cultural, social and last but not least in an international context. Examples of topics that will be discussed in the course are the role of museums in building the concept of the nation; the legal environment of museums; how museums are run; the status and role of the main museums; museums owned and run by local authorities and other museums; the financing of museums, and the policies of authorities regarding museums. Both national and foreign examples will be taken. 

Work format

Teaching will take the form of lectures and discussions.

In the course Communication channels II during the spring semester the students work with the following communication methods: a) oral presentation and b) exhibitions of cultural and historical material. Digital communication will be integrated into both aspects.

The students will work with the basics of oral presentation and practice in smaller and larger groups. Basic issues regarding the organization of conferences and seminars and their management will also be reviewed and a conference is held where all students present their projects. Digital communication will also be integrated into this section. Following is a section about exhibitions with connection to digital communication. The basics of exhibitions and different ways of presentation will be discussed.  The basics of digital communication will be covered, what are the main channels, advantages and disadvantages, and what rules apply to the presentation of texts on the web.

There are no exams in the course. Instead, students work on projects, individual and group projects. They are the following:

1. Lecture at a conference and other projects in that context
2. Exhibition analysis and a practical project in connection with exhibitions organized by the City History Museum (Borgarsögusafn)
3. Digital communication will be integrated into both aspects. Emphasis is placed on common themes and group work in the course.

The course is not taught remotely.

In today’s society, where there is backlash in human rights, and in some cases women’s previously secured rights have been challenged, it is essential to understand the history of women´s right sand the women’s movement.  This course explores ideas concerning women’s rights from the eighteenth century (and, where relevant, earlier) to the latter half of the twentieth century, examining who articulated these ideas and in what ways. It addresses the struggles of women (and men) for gender equality, the milestones that were achieved, and the obstacles women encountered along the way. Attention will be given to concepts such as feminism, a term that did not emerge until the late nineteenth century, and its various manifestations. The concept, women’s movement, will also be scrutinised. Scholars in the fields of women’s and gender history have increasingly critiqued dominant definitions and questioned which movements deserve recognition within the grand narrative of women’s history. In this context, the usefulness and limitations of the so-called “wave theory” will be discussed, that is, the tendency to liken women’s movements to tidal cycles of ebb and flow: the first wave of feminism/women’s rights, the second wave, and so forth. Although the focus of the course will primarily be on the Western world, efforts will be made to integrate perspectives from other regions, as well as from Iceland, where appropriate.

This course aims to introduce students to the nature and development of science by examining episodes of its history and by disucssing recent theories concerning the nature, aims, and development of science. A special emphasis will be placed on the history of physical science from Aristotle to Newton, including developments in astronomy during the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th century. We will also specifically examine the history of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. These episodes and many others will be viewed through the lens of various theories of scientific progress, and through recent views about interactions between science and society at large. The course material may change depending on the students’ interest.

Overview of the history of the Viking age and history of Viking research. Emphasis is placed on the archaeological evidence, the sites and the objects, and discussing how archaeological data has contributed to our understanding of this period. Particular attention is given to economic patterns, issues of ethnicity and state formation.

Living in the contemporary world it is easy to think of the past as something remote and separate from everyday life - whether it is a trip to a museum or even studying archaeology at university, history seems to always be placed at one remove from our everyday life. Something we encounter for fun or interest. The aim of this course is to look at our modern world through an archaeological and historical lens: how are the patterns of our lives today the product of things that happened in the past? This course will show how the past is alive in the present – not as a heritage site or archaeology textbook but as something which still shapes our daily routines and the material world around us. Although the roots of this go back to our biological evolution, arguably most of these effects emerged in the last 500 years.

During the last decades, medieval archaeology has experienced significant growth as a discipline concerned with material culture. Initially, the use of material culture was marginalized to the role of confirming or refuting historical knowledge about this period but today it is understood as having equal historical importance to the archived material. The course is thus intended to improve student’s understanding of Medieval Europe during the period 800–1600 AD through the study of material culture. It deals with general themes in medieval archaeology, such as identity, social status, rural and urban landscapes, religion, life and death, rather than the historical development of the Middle Ages in chronological order. The aim is to give students insight into the different fields of theory and method of medieval archaeology through both material and documentary evidences in accordance with the current state of research. A special emphasis will be put on medieval Iceland, as a part of European culture and society, but even on how medieval archaeologists gather their sources, analyse them and reach conclusions of historical importance.

The course is intended for postgraduate students only. It is adapted to the needs of students from different fields of study. The course is taught over a six-week period.

The course is taught over the first six weeks of spring semester on Fridays from 1:20 pm - 3:40 pm.

Description: 
The topics of the course include: Professionalism and the scientist’s responsibilities. Demands for scientific objectivity and the ethics of research. Issues of equality and standards of good practice. Power and science. Conflicts of interest and misconduct in research. Science, academia and industry. Research ethics and ethical decision making.

Objectives: 
In this course, the student gains knowledge about ethical issues in science and research and is trained in reasoning about ethical controversies relating to science and research in contemporary society.

The instruction takes the form of lectures and discussion. The course is viewed as an academic community where students are actively engaged in a focused dialogue about  the topics. Each student (working as a member of a two-person team) gives a presentation according to a plan designed at the beginning of the course, and other students acquaint themselves with the topic as well for the purpose of participating in a teacher-led discussion.

The objective of the course is to explore how people relate to places in different ways. A variety of places - from private homes to airports, from city-centres to wastelands, form summer resorts to places of worship - will be explored in terms of affect and meaning, accumulated by passing though and dwelling as well as socio-political constructions. What creates and maintains place attachment? How do people relate differently to a place of their youth and place of destination? What constitutes a sense of belonging to a place? How do refugees, migrant workers and other migrants relate to new places and new landscapes and how do they maintain or sever ties to their place of origin. What role does experience, affect, memory, aesthetics, identification and sense of history play in who can claim a place and how? How do social structures, political objectives and conceptual understandings of place condition the meaning and sense of place for individuals and communities?

The course analyzes the formation, articulation, and practice of U.S. foreign policy from World War II to the present. It focuses on the hegemonial position of the United States in the international system, its political values, culture, domestic politics, propaganda, and military power. It also explores representations of the “American Empire” during and after the Cold War and its reception abroad through an analysis of the transmission of American ideologies, unilateralist practices, liberalism, mass culture and consumption patterns, and race and gender images. The history of U.S. foreign policy from the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt to that of Donald Trump will be approached by examining how individual presidents shaped America’s global role.  U.S. actions abroad will be analyzed within broader ideological and structural contexts—including the Cold War, capitalism and anti-communism, democracy promotion, imperialism, human rights, international law, and global economic institutions. Special attention will be given to how race, gender, and domestic politics intersect with foreign policy, as well as the evolving role of international organizations and legal norms in shaping American engagement with the world. Attention will be paid to geopolitical and regional approaches, with emphasis on U.S.-European relations, Asia and Africa, and individual states, such as the Soviet Union/Russia, Britain, Germany, France, Vietnam, China, and South Africa during and after the Cold War. Emphasis will also be put on military interventions, including the Korean War, the Vietnam Wars, the wars in the former Yugoslavia, “the war on terror,” and the wars in Afghanistan, Libya, Iraq, Syria, and Ukraine  Finally, ideas about the decline of the “American Empire” will be explored and put within the context of the rise of China. In addition, recent U.S. attempts to challenge the liberal international order it created after World War II and to question the sovereign rights or aspirations (Canada and Greenland) will be analyzed. Various theoretical approaches in History, International Relations, and Cultural Studies, will be used to examine the topic.

The course is intended to be, first of all, a very practical overview of the main categories of public sources that are preserved in archives and are accessible in electronic form. All categories have their advantages and disadvantages. The sources were created within some kind of administration and their aim was to gather information about the "population" that is under, preserve it and use the information to strengthen the administration and "create" the facts it needed. to hold to maintain itself. Secondly, the course is an introduction to the development that has taken place in the methodology of solitude in new Icelandic research in history. This is a new perspective on what has been called the unification of history. Thirdly, the course will be an introduction to how the emotions of individuals in the past can be analyzed through public sources and how the ideology of the history of emotions can be used in those analyzes and a new integration of theories about poverty and disability in the past with special emphasis on gender perspectives.

Einstaklingsverkefni A

Individual Course

Preservation of private archives and how they are used as sources of past history. The role of archival institutions in the preservation and collection of private archives will be examined, and how and where private archives are preserved in Iceland. Access to private archives will be examined. Work in the course requires active participation. Lectures will be held and in addition students are expected to complete assignments in group work and independently. Visits are expected to depositories that preserve private archives.

This course covers the role of public archives and archiving and record management in the past and present. The importance of the principle of provenance for archives and history. A summary of the history of administration. The activities and legal environment of public archives in Iceland will be discussed and their role in records management in public administration. What organizations are obliged to transfer their records to public archives. The evolution of archiving and records management in the 20th and 21st centuries will be examined. Methods of records managements, old and new. The sorting and cataloguing of archives.

Historical and historiographical survey of major topics in the history of the medieval North, with special emphasis on Iceland and Norway from the Viking Age into the fourteenth century. Topics include: Power, kingship and state; law and feud; kinship, gender and social ties; religious and mental outlook(s); conversion, Christianity and church; economic conditions. Prior knowledge of the “factual” narrative (textbook narrative) is helpful but not necessary.

The course is run in cooperation with the state radio station: RÚV - Rás 1. Discussion will take place into the presentation of radio/audio material, various examples being examined. Attention will be given to the nature of audio communication and the possibilities of audio communication in the present media environment. Attention is also paid to concept development, interview techniques, recording techniques, dramaturgy and editing, accentuating sustainability and self-reliance. All students will complete a final project involving the making of radio programmes.

This class surveys the history, society and archaeology of Viking Age Iceland. We will read parts of medieval Icelandic sagas, the Eddas and Skaldic poetry, and modern historical, anthropological and literary studies will be discussed. We will explore the ways in which Icelandic society evolved throughout the Viking Age (ca. 790–1100 AD) in its interrelation with different cultural spheres, and dive into aspects of everyday life, politics, belief systems, ship building and traveling.

A regular focus of this class will be on saga literature (Fornaldarsögur, Íslendingasögur, Konungasögur), as this literature is our main source for interpreting archaeological findings, on the one hand, for exploring later medieval ideas of the Viking Age, on the other hand. With that said, the source value of written artifacts for Viking Age Iceland will be discussed, and this even includes a closer look at modern popular and academic reception, where different sources are regularly mingled without any distinct source criticism. Last but not least, we will discuss the so-called Vikings and their so-called age in the light of recent populist movements, and scholarly reactions to it.

In the courses Communication channels I and Communication channels II, the basics of methods for the dissemination of cultural material in the humanities and social sciences are presented. Communication channels I is in the fall semester, while Communication channels II is in the spring semester. 

In Communication channels I, the students are working with a) text and images in the first half of the semester and b) short documentaries in the second half of the course. Each subject weighs 50% in the course. Concerning a) Students will receive training in article writing and discourse analysis on the one hand and use of images and image analysis on the other.  Concerning b) Students work on making short documentaries. It includes basic training in screenwriting, shooting and editing, and students work in groups on a documentary, according to a specific theme. 

There are no exams in the course. Instead, students work on projects, individual and group projects. They are the following:

1. Analysis of texts and images
2. An article with an image on a specific theme for publication, about 800 words.
3. A group project where students work on a short documentary that is shown at the end of the course. Emphasis is placed on common themes and group work in the course. The course is not taught remotely.

The reading material be based on on essential theoretical works as well as recent research. The history of the field will be critically examined in light of trends at the beginning of the 21^st century. 

Work format

Teaching will take the form of lectures and discussions.

The course explores the relationship between political and aesthetic discourse in Iceland during the era of the cultural Cold War, a global ideological struggle waged by the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, for the hearts and minds of populations around the world in the latter half of the 20th century. The course draws on interdisciplinary research on the Cold War, with a focus on the interplay between global influences and local conditions. This glocal approach allows for an examination of Icelandic agents in the Cold War not only as representatives of the two empires, the United States and the Soviet Union, but also based on their own cultural values and interests. A mixed methodology will be employed, incorporating theories and methods from the social sciences, as well as from art history, literary studies, and historiography. Special emphasis will be placed on the analysis of literary texts and artworks, while attention will also be given to the participation of Icelandic intellectuals and artists in international cultural activities. Students will explore how the Cold War has been addressed in recent years, both in academic contexts and in public dissemination through exhibitions, podcasts, and graphic novels.